Longitudinal human milk macronutrients, body composition and infant appetite during early life

Summary Background & aims Breastfeeding is the gold standard infant feeding. Data on macronutrients in relation to longitudinal body composition and appetite are very scarce. The aim of this study was investigate human milk at 1 3 months association with during early life healthy, term-born infants. We hypothesized that infants receiving higher caloric would have more fat mass satiate earlier. Methods In 133 exclusively breastfed (Sophia Pluto Cohort), samples were analyzed for (fat, protein, carbohydrate) by MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer, assessment Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaires. Fat (FM) fat-free (FFM) were measured PEA POD DXA, abdominal FM ultrasound. Results showed large differences macronutrients, particularly content. Protein energy content decreased significantly from months. carbohydrate tended decrease (p = 0.066 0.081). (g/100 ml) (kcal/100 ml) associated FM% 6 (β 0.387 0.040, resp.) gain 0.088 0.009, resp.), but not 2 years. Carbohydrate associate visceral years 0.290, p = 0.06). Infants earlier satiated finished feeding faster. Conclusions Our data show decreasing protein age months, while decrease. Macronutrient composition, content, differed considerably between mothers. indicating critical window adiposity programming. As breastfeeding satiated, self-regulatory mechanism might prevent intake excessive macronutrients. Online trial registry NTR, NL7833.